ABSTRACT
Objective: Evidence points to a high prevalence of metabolic dysfunction in bipolar disorder (BD), but few studies have evaluated the relatives of subjects with BD. We conducted a cross-sectional study in an extended family of patients with BD type I. Methods: The available relatives of the same family were interviewed (DSM-IV-R) and assessed in fasting conditions for body mass index, constituent variables of the metabolic syndrome (MS), leptin levels, insulin resistance index, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the leptin receptor and promoter and PPAR-γ2 genes. The frequency of MS was compared with that recorded in the local general population. Results: Ninety-three relatives of three adults with BD were evaluated (30 aged < 18 years, 63 aged > 18 years). The frequency of MS was similar to that of the general population. Significantly higher frequencies of abnormal glucose, total and low density cholesterol (LDL-c) levels (all p < 0.05), waist circumference (p = 0.057), and leptin and insulin resistance values (in adults only) were observed in the family. Adults with the QQ genotype of the leptin receptor displayed higher LDL-c levels than carriers of the R allele. Conclusions: The associations among BD consanguinity, familial hypercholesterolemia, and leptin receptor SNPs reported herein should be replicated and extended in other pedigrees. .
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Insulin Resistance/genetics , Leptin/genetics , Metabolic Syndrome/genetics , PPAR gamma/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Bipolar Disorder/blood , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Genotype , Leptin/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/psychology , Pedigree , Rural Population , VenezuelaABSTRACT
The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events, but scarce information exists about its frequency in Venezuela. In this cross-sectional study, we quantified the prevalence of the MetSyn in a probabilistic, stratified sample of 274 subjects aged ³18 years from the Libertador district in Mérida, Venezuela. Secondary outcomes were the measurement of thyroid hormones (free T4 and TSH), leptin levels, and insulin resistance index (HOMA2-IR). The frequency of MetSyn (percentage ± 95% confidence interval) according to several diagnostic criteria was as follows: National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP, original): 27.4% (22.1-32.7); modified NCEP: 31.8% (26.3-37.3); International Diabetes Federation: 40.9% (35.1-46.7); Latin American Diabetes Association: 27% (21.7-32.3), and Venezuelan criteria: 31.8% (26.3-37.3). The MetSyn was more frequent in males than in females with most diagnostic criteria. The estimated prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 2.9% either according to the patients self reports or to fasting glucose level found to be above 126 mg/dL. Abnormal HOMA2-IR index, free T4 and TSH (above the 95th percentile) were detected in 4.5%, 4.4% and 5.1% of the sample, respectively. Free T4 and TSH levels below the 5th percentile were detected in 4.4% and 4.7% of subjects respectively. These values are presented for comparisons with forthcoming studies in specific clinical populations. While studies are being conducted about the different definitions of the MetSyn in Venezuela, we recommend analyzing and publishing local research data with all the available criteria so as to allow comparisons with the results already reported in the literature.
El síndrome metabólico (SM) es un factor de riesgo significativo en la ocurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre su frecuencia en Venezuela. En la presente investigación transversal, cuantificamos la prevalencia del SM es una muestra probabilística de 274 sujetos con edad mayor o igual a 18 años provenientes del municipio Libertador de la cuidad de Mérida, Venezuela. Como resultados secundarios, se cuantificaron los niveles de leptina, hormonas tiroideas (T4 libre y TSH), y el índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA2-RI). La frecuencia de SM (porcentaje ± intervalo de confianza del 95%) de acuerdo a varios criterios diagnósticos fue la siguiente: Panel para el Colesterol (original): 27,4% (22,1-32,7); Panel para el Colesterol (modificado): 31,8% (26,3-37,3); Federación Internacional de Diabetes: 40,9% (35,1-46,7); Asociación Latino-Americana de Diabetes: 27% (21,7- 32,3) y criterios Venezolanos: 31,8% (26,3-37,3). Al utilizar la mayoría de los criterios, el SM fue más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. La prevalencia estimada de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue 2,9% tanto mediante el auto-reporte como mediante la detección de glicemia en ayunas > 126 mg/dL. Se detectaron niveles anormales (por encima del percentil 95) del índice HOMA2-IR, T4 libre y TSH en el 4,5%, 4,4% y 5,1% de la muestra respectivamente. Niveles de T4 y TSH por debajo del percentil 5 se detectaron en el 4,4% y 4,7% de sujetos respectivamente. Los valores del HOMA2-RI y hormonas tiroideas también se presentan con el fin de permitir comparaciones con futuros estudios en poblaciones clínicas específicas. Mientras se realizan estudios adicionales en Venezuela sobre las diversas definiciones del SM, recomendamos analizar y publicar los resultados científicos locales con todos los criterios disponibles con el fin de permitir la comparación con los estudios que ya están disponibles.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Thyroxine/blood , Insulin Resistance , Thyrotropin/blood , Leptin/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Venezuela/epidemiology , Sex Factors , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The authors quantified the prevalence of migraine in subjects with mental disorders, first-degree relatives and the adult general population (GP) in Mérida, Venezuela. After validation, a modified, short version of the Liptons diagnostic scale was administered to consecutively admitted in- and out-patients (n = 1059), their first-degree relatives (n = 445) and a probabilistic sample of the GP (n = 516). In the GP, the frequency of migraine (percentage and 95% confidence interval) was 14.9 (11.8-17.9). The migraine frequencies were (percentage and odd ratio probability against the GP: bipolar disorder (15.7%, p = 0.5), schizophrenia (8.3%, p = 0.08), depression and dysthimia (24.4%, p = 0.2), anxiety disorders (10.0%, p = 0.02), personality disorders (11.4%, p = 0.15), all other disorders (15.5%, p = 0.4), relatives of bipolar patients (4.4%, p < 0.001), relatives of schizophrenia patients (3.5%, p = 0.003), and relatives of patients with all other mental disorders (12.8%, p = 0.4). Migraine was more common in women (p < 0.001), and the bipolar patients presented the highest female to male ratio (8:1). A high variability was observed in migraine prevalence among the diagnostic categories, but it was particularly high in subjects with affective disorders, mainly in women, who thus deserve special attention from clinicians.
Los autores cuantificaron la prevalencia de migraña en sujetos con trastornos mentales, sus familiares de primer grado y la población general (PG) en Mérida, Venezuela. Se utilizó una versión abreviada de la escala diagnostica de Lipton. Luego de un estudio de validez, tal escala se administró a pacientes ambulatorios u hospitalizados atendidos en forma consecutiva (n = 1.059), a sus familiares de primer grado (n = 445) y a una muestra probabilística de la PG (n = 516). La frecuencia de migraña en la PG (porcentaje e intervalo de confianza de 95%) fue de 14,9 (11,8-17,9). La frecuencia para los diversos trastornos (porcentaje y probabilidad asociada a la razón de momios (odds ratio) con respecto a la PG) fue: trastorno bipolar (15,7%, p = 0,5), esquizofrenia (8,3%, p = 0,08), depresión y distimia (24,4%, p = 0,2), trastornos de ansiedad (10,0%, p = 0,02), trastornos de personalidad (11,4%, p = 0,15), todos los otros trastornos (15,5%, p = 0,4). En los familiares, la frecuencia fue: trastorno bipolar (4,4%, p < 0,001), esquizofrenia (3,5%, p = 0,003), otros trastornos (12,8%, p = 0,4). El diagnóstico de migraña fue más frecuente en mujeres (p < 0,001), y los sujetos con trastorno bipolar presentaron el mayor índice mujer:hombre (8:1). Se observó una alta variabilidad en la prevalencia de migraña en las diversas categorías diagnósticas. Tal frecuencia fue particularmente elevada en sujetos con trastornos afectivos, principalmente en mujeres, las cuales ameritan una atención especial por parte de los médicos tratantes.